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6510 / 6502 Complete Opcode Reference

Source: The Machine Language Book for the C64; The Advanced Machine Language Book for the C64

Flags: Negative · oVerflow · Break · Decimal · Interrupt · Zero · Carry Column order: Opcode | Hex | Bytes | Cycles | Flags affected

Addressing Mode Key

Symbol	Mode	Example
imm	Immediate	LDA #$0A
zp	Zero Page	LDA $10
zp,X	Zero Page,X	LDA $10,X
zp,Y	Zero Page,Y	LDA $10,Y
abs	Absolute	LDA $1234
abs,X	Absolute,X	LDA $1234,X
abs,Y	Absolute,Y	LDA $1234,Y
ind	Indirect	JMP ($1234)
(zp,X)	Indexed Indirect	LDA ($10,X)
(zp),Y	Indirect Indexed	LDA ($10),Y
rel	Relative (branch)	BNE label
impl	Implied	CLC
A	Accumulator	LSR A

+1 cycle if page boundary crossed; +2 cycles for branch taken + page cross.

Load / Store

LDA — Load Accumulator `N Z`

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$A9	2	2
zp	$A5	2	3
zp,X	$B5	2	4
abs	$AD	3	4
abs,X	$BD	3	4+1
abs,Y	$B9	3	4+1
(zp,X)	$A1	2	6
(zp),Y	$B1	2	5+1

LDX — Load X Register `N Z`

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$A2	2	2
zp	$A6	2	3
zp,Y	$B6	2	4
abs	$AE	3	4
abs,Y	$BE	3	4+1

LDY — Load Y Register `N Z`

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$A0	2	2
zp	$A4	2	3
zp,X	$B4	2	4
abs	$AC	3	4
abs,X	$BC	3	4+1

STA — Store Accumulator (no flags)

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
zp	$85	2	3
zp,X	$95	2	4
abs	$8D	3	4
abs,X	$9D	3	5
abs,Y	$99	3	5
(zp,X)	$81	2	6
(zp),Y	$91	2	6

STX — Store X (no flags)

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
zp	$86	2	3
zp,Y	$96	2	4
abs	$8E	3	4

STY — Store Y (no flags)

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
zp	$84	2	3
zp,X	$94	2	4
abs	$8C	3	4

Register Transfers `N Z`

Mnemonic	Hex	Bytes	Cycles	Operation
TAX	$AA	1	2	A → X
TAY	$A8	1	2	A → Y
TXA	$8A	1	2	X → A
TYA	$98	1	2	Y → A
TSX	$BA	1	2	SP → X (N Z)
TXS	$9A	1	2	X → SP (none)

Stack Operations

Mnemonic	Hex	Bytes	Cycles	Flags	Operation
PHA	$48	1	3	—	Push A to stack
PLA	$68	1	4	N Z	Pull A from stack
PHP	$08	1	3	—	Push SR to stack
PLP	$28	1	4	all	Pull SR from stack

Arithmetic

ADC — Add with Carry `N V Z C`

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$69	2	2
zp	$65	2	3
zp,X	$75	2	4
abs	$6D	3	4
abs,X	$7D	3	4+1
abs,Y	$79	3	4+1
(zp,X)	$61	2	6
(zp),Y	$71	2	5+1

SBC — Subtract with Borrow `N V Z C`

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$E9	2	2
zp	$E5	2	3
zp,X	$F5	2	4
abs	$ED	3	4
abs,X	$FD	3	4+1
abs,Y	$F9	3	4+1
(zp,X)	$E1	2	6
(zp),Y	$F1	2	5+1

Increment / Decrement

Mnemonic	Hex	Mode	Bytes	Cycles	Flags
INC	$E6	zp	2	5	N Z
INC	$F6	zp,X	2	6	N Z
INC	$EE	abs	3	6	N Z
INC	$FE	abs,X	3	7	N Z
DEC	$C6	zp	2	5	N Z
DEC	$D6	zp,X	2	6	N Z
DEC	$CE	abs	3	6	N Z
DEC	$DE	abs,X	3	7	N Z
INX	$E8	impl	1	2	N Z
INY	$C8	impl	1	2	N Z
DEX	$CA	impl	1	2	N Z
DEY	$88	impl	1	2	N Z

Logical Operations `N Z`

AND

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$29	2	2
zp	$25	2	3
zp,X	$35	2	4
abs	$2D	3	4
abs,X	$3D	3	4+1
abs,Y	$39	3	4+1
(zp,X)	$21	2	6
(zp),Y	$31	2	5+1

ORA

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$09	2	2
zp	$05	2	3
zp,X	$15	2	4
abs	$0D	3	4
abs,X	$1D	3	4+1
abs,Y	$19	3	4+1
(zp,X)	$01	2	6
(zp),Y	$11	2	5+1

EOR

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$49	2	2
zp	$45	2	3
zp,X	$55	2	4
abs	$4D	3	4
abs,X	$5D	3	4+1
abs,Y	$59	3	4+1
(zp,X)	$41	2	6
(zp),Y	$51	2	5+1

Shift & Rotate `N Z C`

Mnemonic	Hex	Mode	Bytes	Cycles	Operation
ASL	$0A	A	1	2	Left shift, 0→bit0
ASL	$06	zp	2	5
ASL	$16	zp,X	2	6
ASL	$0E	abs	3	6
ASL	$1E	abs,X	3	7
LSR	$4A	A	1	2	Right shift, 0→bit7
LSR	$46	zp	2	5
LSR	$56	zp,X	2	6
LSR	$4E	abs	3	6
LSR	$5E	abs,X	3	7
ROL	$2A	A	1	2	Left rotate thru C
ROL	$26	zp	2	5
ROL	$36	zp,X	2	6
ROL	$2E	abs	3	6
ROL	$3E	abs,X	3	7
ROR	$6A	A	1	2	Right rotate thru C
ROR	$66	zp	2	5
ROR	$76	zp,X	2	6
ROR	$6E	abs	3	6
ROR	$7E	abs,X	3	7

Compare `N Z C`

CMP — Compare Accumulator

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$C9	2	2
zp	$C5	2	3
zp,X	$D5	2	4
abs	$CD	3	4
abs,X	$DD	3	4+1
abs,Y	$D9	3	4+1
(zp,X)	$C1	2	6
(zp),Y	$D1	2	5+1

CPX — Compare X `N Z C`

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$E0	2	2
zp	$E4	2	3
abs	$EC	3	4

CPY — Compare Y `N Z C`

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles
imm	$C0	2	2
zp	$C4	2	3
abs	$CC	3	4

BIT — Bit Test `N V Z`

Mode	Hex	Bytes	Cycles	Notes
zp	$24	2	3	N←bit7, V←bit6, Z←A AND mem
abs	$2C	3	4

Branch Instructions (2 bytes, rel offset, +1 cycle taken, +2 if page cross)

Mnemonic	Hex	Condition
BCC	$90	C = 0 (no carry)
BCS	$B0	C = 1 (carry set)
BEQ	$F0	Z = 1 (equal/zero)
BNE	$D0	Z = 0 (not equal)
BMI	$30	N = 1 (minus)
BPL	$10	N = 0 (plus)
BVC	$50	V = 0 (no overflow)
BVS	$70	V = 1 (overflow)

Branch offset range: -128 to +127 bytes from instruction after branch.

Jump & Subroutine

Mnemonic	Hex	Mode	Bytes	Cycles	Notes
JMP	$4C	abs	3	3	Unconditional jump
JMP	$6C	ind	3	5	Indirect; 6502 page bug!
JSR	$20	abs	3	6	Push PC-1, jump
RTS	$60	impl	1	6	Pull PC+1, return
RTI	$40	impl	1	6	Pull SR then PC (for IRQ/NMI)
BRK	$00	impl	1	7	Software IRQ; pushes PC+2 + SR

6502 JMP indirect bug: JMP ($10FF) fetches low byte from $10FF, high byte from $1000 (not $1100). Never use indirect JMP across page boundary.

Flag Instructions

Mnemonic	Hex	Bytes	Cycles	Effect
CLC	$18	1	2	Clear carry
SEC	$38	1	2	Set carry
CLD	$D8	1	2	Clear decimal
SED	$F8	1	2	Set decimal
CLI	$58	1	2	Clear IRQ disable
SEI	$78	1	2	Set IRQ disable
CLV	$B8	1	2	Clear overflow

No-Operation

Mnemonic	Hex	Bytes	Cycles	Notes
NOP	$EA	1	2	Do nothing; timing

Common Idioms & Patterns

16-bit Add

    CLC
    LDA low1
    ADC low2
    STA result_lo
    LDA high1
    ADC high2
    STA result_hi

16-bit Subtract

    SEC
    LDA low1
    SBC low2
    STA result_lo
    LDA high1
    SBC high2
    STA result_hi

Multiply by 2 (16-bit)

    ASL low_byte
    ROL high_byte

Test specific bit (bit 3)

    LDA value
    AND #%00001000
    BEQ bit_was_clear

Set specific bit

    LDA value
    ORA #%00001000
    STA value

Clear specific bit

    LDA value
    AND #%11110111
    STA value

Toggle bit

    LDA value
    EOR #%00001000
    STA value

Efficient loop (downward)

    LDX #100
loop:
    ; ... body ...
    DEX
    BNE loop

Indirect indexed store (table write)

    LDA #<table    ; store table address
    STA ptr
    LDA #>table
    STA ptr+1
    LDY #offset
    LDA value
    STA (ptr),Y

Cycle Counting Notes

1 cycle = ~1.02 µs (PAL) or ~0.98 µs (NTSC)
1 scan line = 63 cycles (NTSC) / 63 cycles (PAL, slightly different)
1 frame = 262 lines NTSC / 312 lines PAL
VIC-II steals cycles during sprite DMA and bad lines — account for this in cycle-critical raster code
Bad lines occur when (raster & 7) = (YSCROLL & 7) — VIC takes 40 extra cycles

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